The inclusive criteria were: (1) Patients reported from domestic publications (2) Diagnosis as penile fracture clinically and confirmed surgically (3) The records included clinical manifestations, imaging data, site and side of rent, treatment methods and outcomes. Furthermore, using the terms "penile fracture", "penile trauma" by means of search engines of "China Hospital Knowledge Database (CHKD)" and "China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI)", totally 138 articles about PF were retrieved between January 1984 and July 2017, of which 113 publications 948 patients were selected to review. However, the remaining one patient treated conservatively had difficulty in coitus because of severe curvature penis and pain (IIEF-5 scoring was 15).
7 patients reported high confidence in their ability to maintain an erection for sexual intercourse without sequelae in follow-up (Figure 4), the average score was 23.7. The international index of erectile function (IIEF-5) was used to assess erectile function. The patients were discharged 10 to 14 days after treatment. Except for one patient refusal to surgery, seven patients received immediate surgical therapy using a degloving incision by two senior urologists (Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3). The clinical date of the patients was shown in Table 1. The mean interval from injury to surgical intervention was 9.6 hours. During the 2003 to 2016 period, eight patients with PF were admitted to our hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the hospital. The aim of this study was to explore PF aetiologies, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcome in China and to objectively verify whether geographic differences exist. However, to our knowledge, there is no review regarding epidemiology, aetiology, symptoms and outcomes of treatment following PF from China. Currently surgical intervention has become a mainstay of the treatment, owing to its better outcomes and fewer complications. Penile rupture can usually be diagnosed based solely on history and physical examination findings however, in equivocal cases, diagnostic ultrasonography (US) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be performed. The causes include coitus, masturbation, penile manipulation, rolling in bed and blunt trauma. Penile fracture (PF) is an uncommon urological emergency, and urethral injury may be involved concomitantly. Penile fracture, Aetiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, China Early surgical repair is obviously preferable option because of excellent results even in the presence of urethral injury. Penile fracture may be underreporting which can usually be diagnosed based solely on history and physical examination findings. Complications of the injury included penile curvature, nodules, infection, painful coitus, urethral fistula, and erectile dysfunction. Early surgical repair was advocated because a higher incidence of complications was found in conservatively treated patients. Treatment options were surgery and conservative in 92.2% and 7.8% patients, respectively. Concomitant urethral injury accounted for 6.3% of all cases. Diagnosis was made mainly on clinical grounds ultrasonography can be very helpful in equivocal cases. Swelling, ecchymosis and deformity were present in the majority of patients. Clinical features were the classical triad of "cracking" sound, immediate detumescence and pain. The commonest causes were coitus and masturbation. An annual incidence in China has been estimated between 0.002/million and 0.2/million male populations. In 113 publications 984 cases (including our eight cases) were retrieved. Data extracted included authors, regions and year of publication, aetiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and outcome. The objective of the study was to highlight the epidemiology, aetiology, presentation, diagnosis and outcomes of penile fracture in China.Įxcept reporting eight cases, we also retrieved literatures from Chinese publications between January 1984 and July 2017.
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